The Methodology Of Biopsychology: Substance Abuse

The Methodology Of Biopsychology Substance Ab subroutineTo understand addictive demeanor, one must understand the brain the pursuit of this understanding is a challenge with great rewards. Analyzing human behavior requires subjectivity, while the brain contains objective realities this requires holistic approach for full comprehension. Three ecumenic types of methodological issues ar prominent in question involving assessment of dependence (1) the reliability and validity of self-report, collateral, and biological methods of assessing signifi passelce exercising, (2) the variability and episodic course of substance use disorders, and (3) the heterogeneity of individuals with substance use disorders. The history, explanation, driveways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to impart the understanding and preaching of all addictions.HistoryChemical dependency has been part of every hostel and each millenn ium has treated the problems that addiction brings with a methodology unique to the times. Historically, society has attempted to deal with addiction in a certain way (Scheier, 2009). Based in fear of all the unknowns associated with substance abuse, the legal system displace addicts to prison, society in general shunned them and treated them as misfits, and the mental health community confined them to mental health institutions. Today the current modality of discussion for those afflicted with substance abuse is to attempt some way to get them help in whatever area they need it. Basic research on substance abuse has been a public science since the 1930s, funded almost entirely by the U.S. federal g all overnment (Scheier).The popular experimentation with doses in the mid-to-late 1960s elevated some questions for which the traditional focus of dependency explore Center had no answers (Smith, 2010). As a consequence, the field began to diversify and decentralize such that rese archers had morepathways from which to choose. Research pathways emerged in behavioral and neuro- or psychopharmacology (Scheier, 2009). Meanwhile, substance abuse as rise up took to the street, bringing researchers into the community. This brought about the emergence of four significant research areas qualitative social research, epidemiology, handling research, and research establish on self-reports (Scheier).Definition of AddictionThere are several definitions of addiction. All addictions fool common denominators of being a complex sickness characterized by intense, uncontrollable craving, along with compulsive behavior even in light of devastating consequences. (Pinel, 2009). These commonalities besides include symptoms of withdrawal, tolerance, a impulse to cut ingest or stop use/behavior, the inability to stop or decrease exercising, loss of employment, estranged families, and social contacts are lost due to the addiction. Addiction has many dimensions that disrupt seve ral if non every aspect of an individuals life. In order to understand what addiction is a definition needs to be cleanly stated. electric current neuroscientific research on substance abuse seeks to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the transition from occasional, controlled medicine use to the loss of behavioral control over drug seeking and drug-taking that defines chronic addiction (Edwards, 2005).Treatment ModalitiesEvery individual is unique and each person can respond differently to treatment modalities. Professionals that execute in the field of addiction and treatment should be trained in current trends in alternative treatments and especially those that cook proven effective. In the psychoanalyse by Castel, Rush, Urbanoski and Toneatto, (2006) their results head how complex addictions are and the overlap with mental health issues or other biological disorders. This study was steadfast in their methodology, but the use of a screening tool m ight have increased the rate of reported symptoms. Their study did not indicate this to be of significance. Their study has opened the pathway for rising research in biopsychology that volition illuminate some pivotal points in the biological nature of cross addictions with psychiatrical issues and substance abuse indicators. medicinal drug and behavioral therapy, especially when combined, are important elements of an overall therapeutic process that often begins with detoxification, followed by treatment and relapse prevention. Easing withdrawal symptoms can be important in the initiation of treatment preventing relapse is necessary for maintaining its effects (Fitzgerald McCarty, 2009). Sometimes, as with other chronic conditions, episodes of relapse may require a translate to prior treatment components. A continuum of care that includes a holistic treatment program that addresses all aspects of an individuals life, including medical and mental health services and follow-up options can be crucial to a persons success in achieving and maintaining a drug-free lifestyle (Scheier, 2009).Methodologies for StudyResearch in this field has produced a host of differing theories and models to follow the factors influencing drug use. The enormous amount of literature is impressive, yet overwhelming and often contradictory (Edwards Cobb, 2010). The focus of this bibliography has been to assess the current state of substance abuse with compliance to the focus of current research attention, and to identify knowledge gaps. Despite the limitations of the existing material, this view provides a useful platform to deepen and broaden the scope of biopsychological research.This variance exit describe the studies in general and then lead provide synopsis of the common theories that are present throughout each study as well(p) as how each study stands alone. Each individual study will be described and the conclusions presented, this will be brief and to the point. Th ere will be a more detailed discussion that will take into consideration all of the studies presented. The discussion will include the strengths and limitations of current methodologies, biology, similarities and differences with regard to the general theory of addiction and how the addiction pathways are formed as well as possible treatments. Finally, this section will address what needs to be considered in the future and what the studies brought up that needs to be examined in order to better understand and claim some solutions for future studies as well as to offer the reader options for future study and research.The history, explanation, pathways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to advance the understanding and treatment of all addictions. Addiction has been a part of every society, socio-economic class, race, and gender and discriminates against none. There are a variety of theories of addiction as wel l as treatments some founded in theory and others founded self-reports. The ability to treat and understand addiction rests in the hands of competent clinicians willing to examine possibilities that are not comm and thought of to be related to addiction. Understanding the biopsychology of addiction will aid in eliminating addiction for future generations to come.Annotated BibliographyCastel, S., Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Toneatto, T. (2006). Overlap of clusters of psychiatric symptomsamong clients of a complete addiction treatment service. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 28-35. inside10.1037/0893-164X.20.1.28.This condition describes the prevalence and overlap of psychiatric symptoms among 2,784 clientsof the outpatient programs at a comprehensive addictions treatment facility. The psychiatricsymptoms were assessed by a computer-based questionnaire, and the analysis foc employ on theoverlap of symptom clusters (multimorbidity) and their relation to selected intake multi variatesknown to be predictors of treatment outcome. This study will help accentuate the need for adetailed customized treatment approach.Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. inside10.1037/a0013420This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables thatinfluence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment ofalcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influencessimultaneously. Hierarchical elongate modeling tested the contribution of individual andorganizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment clinical TrialsNetwork treatment unit and custody surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatmentunits). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a unique become of variables existed fo r each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatricmedications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addictionmedications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong researchvariable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addictiontreatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results.Ducci, F., Goldman, D. (2008). Genetic approaches to addiction Genes and alcohol. Addiction, 103(9), 1414-1428. inside10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02203.x.This study examines the communicable basis for addiction, alcoholism in particular. The study is aliterature review that focused on the communicable basis of alcoholism. The results of the reviewshow that alcoholic genes are acting at the pharmacokinetic or pharmaco energizing levels. Therehas been major progress in gene identification in recent years, using intermediate phenotypessuch as task-related brain activation, who le genome association studies, gene environmentstudies, gene effects studies and the genome wide analysis. This study finds that the geneticbasis for alcoholism and other addictions is unknown, as further studies are conducted they arelikely to find a link. This study will be used to indicate that addiction can be tied to genesand that biopsychology will play an important part in the future of addiction.Edwards, G. (2005). Addiction Biology goes fast forward. Addiction, 100(1), doi10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01109.x.This article examines the new leadership established at the Society for the Study of Addiction.Included are a variety of new appointments, as well as pertly created ones. This articlewill be used to demonstrate the preparing of the addiction community to prepare for studied inbiopsychology and their acceptance and increased understanding of the matter. This article willfurther show that addiction study is needed and that infrastructure is being created in order toprovide for this new understanding of addiction.Edwards, S. Koob G. (2010). Neurobiology of deregulated motivational systems in drug addiction Future Neurology, 5(3), 393-410. doi 2034674321.This study examines Neurobiological mechanisms for blackball reinforcement, which mean thatparticipating in an addiction, in this study drug addiction, and it alleviates a negative excitedstate, and this involves changes in the brain and leads to forebrain stress. This stress maycontribute to changes in the reinforcement mechanisms in the brain that are associated withaddiction. The points of the intersection between the positive and negative motivational areasin the brain may drive addiction and may provide an increased understanding of theneurobiological substrate for therapeutic intervention. This article will be used to furtherexamine that addiction is related to biopsychology and that determining the reinforcementcenters in the brain will aid in understanding the behavior associated with addicti on.Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. doi10.1037/a0013420.This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables thatinfluence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment ofalcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influencessimultaneously. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the contribution of individual andorganizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical TrialsNetwork treatment unit and workforce surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatmentunits). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a uniqueblend of variables existed for each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatricmedications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addi ctionmedications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong researchvariable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addictiontreatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results.Fortuna, J. (2010). Sweet p part, sugar addiction and the familial history of alcohol dependence Shared neural pathways and genes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 147-51.This study examines the fact that many people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol also havea sweet preference, particularly those with a high sucrose concentration. This study furtherexamines that some people who have a high habit of sugar rich foods and drinksdemonstrates the release of euphoric endorphins and dopamine in the same way that alcoholand drugs do. This study asserts that the neurobiological pathways are the same for sugar anddrug addiction. Craving, tolerance, withdrawal and sensitising have been documented in both human a nd animal studies. This study goes on to show that there is a cross sensitizationbetween sugar addiction and narcotic dependence. This study also demonstrates that thebiological children of alcoholic parents, particularly fathers, have a strong sweet preference and that may show up in eating disorders in later life. This study will be used to demonstrate that addiction can be unconquerable through genes and can manifest in different addiction choices.Gillman, A., Kosobud, A., Timberlake, W. (2010). Effects of multiple daily nicotine administrations on pre- and post-nicotine circadian activity episodes in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(4), 520-531. doi10.1037/a0020272.This study has shown that nicotine that is administered with an entertaining activity and that itaffected food intake and that throughout the pre and post dose that there was a relation to theincrease in the desire for the activity and as well as the nicotine. This study will be used todemonstrate that cross addic tion and transference can happen in addiction resulting in the waythe brain synthesizes entertainment and addiction. It will be used to demonstrate that there areaddiction areas in the brain and that stimulation of one can increase other areas.Haber, J. R., Bucholz, K. K., Jacob, T., Grant, J. D., Scherrer, J. F., Sartor, C. E., Duncan, A. R. Heath, A. (2010, September). Effect of paternal alcohol and drug dependence on offspring conducts disorder Gene-Environment interplay. Journal of Studies on alcoholic beverage and Drugs 71 (5) 652-663. ISSN 1937-1888This article discussed current research on substance-use disorders and externalizing disordersthat frequently present simultaneously, as well as in families across generations. Researchersexamined the role of genetic and environmental influences in the relationship between paternalhistories of drug dependence or alcohol dependence and offspring conduct disorder using an offspring-of-twins design. The methodology used male twins fr om the Vietnam Era TwinRegistry, their offspring, and mothers of the offspring. The study was difficult to follow, butyielded results that indicated genetic risk associated with both paternal drug-dependence andpaternal alcohol-dependence histories predicted offspring conduct-disorder risk, but only riskassociated with paternal drug-dependence history was mitigated by having a low-riskenvironment. This study will be used to demonstrate a significant gene-environmentinteraction, indicating a strong need for further biopsychological research in this area.Lee, P., Lee, D., Lee, P.. (2010). 2010 U.S. Drug and Alcohol Policy, Looking Back and MovingForward. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 99-114.This article demonstrates the different perspectives in the usage of the disease model ofaddiction indicating the influence of The United States drug policy. This article spansvarious areas of substance abuse research with the focus on new perspectives for future research and changes to th e drug policy of the United States. This article will be used to show where the future of biopsychology and substance abuse research is headed.Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.ISBN 978-0-205-54892-7.This record covers a variety of biopsychology topics in depth as well as anatomy of the brain.This book will be used as a reference to explain the tests used for the determination of behaviorand brain connectivity. It will be used to describe the parts of the brain that are related toaddiction. It will also be used to explain how addiction works in the brain.Scheier, L. M. (ed) (2009). Multiple paths to partial truths A history of drug aetiology. The Handbookof Drug Etiology Theory, Methods, and existential Findings. American PsychologicalAssociation. Washington, DC. ISBN 978-1-4338-0446-5This handbook covers the complexities of personality, genetic, environmental, and cultural influences on behavior that are difficult to dissect or tr eat as independent forces. This volume covers this dynamic field comprehensively. A team of researchers presents dissimilar theoretical perspectives and viewpoints on complex issues ranging from causation to consequences and including a rich discussion of prevention practices and how they influence policy. The editor and contributors show the origins of the field of drug use etiology in clinical work with addicts, detail the history of the field and examine the interaction of epidemiology and etiology.This book will be used to examine substance abuse causations such as peer pressure, community, genetics, race, and age. This will help determine the ways in which drug use etiology links with biopsychology.Smith, D. (2010).The evolution of addiction medicine and its San Francisco roots. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 199-201.This article examines how addiction has evolved from its roots in San Francisco. It examines avariety of problems that are caused from drug addiction and th e problems that it causes tosociety. This article will be used as a historical reference and as a general reference to thehistory of drugs in general. Addiction research has attempted to keep up with the rapidprogression.Sofuoglu, M., Sugarman, D., Carroll, K. (2010). Cognitive function as an emerging treatment targetfor marijuana addiction. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 109-119.doi10.1037/a0019295.Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the world, and demand for effective treatment is increasing. However, abstinence rates following behavioral therapies have been modest, and there are no effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cannabis addiction. We propose a novel research agenda and a potential treatment strategy, based on observations that both acute and chronic exposure to cannabis are associated with dose-related cognitive impairments, most consistently in attention, working memory, verbal learning, and memory functions. These impa irments are not completely reversible upon cessation of marijuana use, and moreover may interfere with the treatment of marijuana addiction. Therefore, targeting cognitive impairment associated with chronic marijuana use may be a promising novel strategy for the treatment of marijuana addiction. Preclinical studies suggest that medications enhancing the cholinergic transmission may attenuate cannabis-induced cognitive impairments, but these cognitive enhancing medications have not been examined in controlled human studies. Preliminary evidence from individuals addicted to other drugs suggests that computerized cognitive rehabilitation may also have utility to improve cognitive function in marijuana users. Future clinical studies optimally designed to measure cognitive function as well as drug use behavior would be needed to test the efficacy of these treatments for marijuana addiction.