The Taming Of The Shrew Essay Example for Free

The Taming Of The Shrew EssayIn Petruchios attempt to woo Katherina he uses alot of flattery, and appears to have a laid-back attitude towards the literal dispute that arises in the first meeting. He is made to feel unwelcome from the moment Katherina is present, but he is confident that he will change her passel towards him and accept him as her husband-to-be. The word movable is used as an insult by Katherina, but Petruchio deliberately misunderstands what she is trying to say and makes a witty punning from this. Towards the end of this act Petruchio begins to grow tired of Katherinas lack of co-operation towards the matter of marriage. In a last desperate act before Baptista , Tranio and Gremio return, he loses his charming word picture and appears as very forward and aggressive towards Katherina. This emphasizes his short temper and antagonistic nature. After an eventful and chaotic wedding, Katherina is deeply hurt inside, but her anger shows on the outside.This is worse ned when Petruchio wants to lave for hom and doesnt attend his own wedding feast. This shows Petruchios leaders in the relationship at such an early stage. Katherina is understandably furious isnt ready to involve with Petruchios strange behaviour and tells him he can leave but she will not be going with him. This is an attempt by Katherina to gain some leadership in the relationship because she is only used to getting her own way and doesnt like how she is being treated.

Employee Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Employee Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction EssayThis thesis exit be based on my current and previous practical experience combined with the theory-based basis that I have acquired through the modules on honorary society business school. I have 8 years of management experience in retail, but in the last 3 years being use as a personal assistant for my son who was born with a physical disability. 1 October 2012 I have been diligent part- eon as a gross revenue assistant in the new-fangledly opened shoe Tops, located in Aalborg M all told.My point of view in this project bequeath be from the persuasion of the owner / management since my prerequisites for this ar realistic and that in the future I have ambitions again to get a art at this level. Presentation of pass in Aalborg Shopping Eurosko a purchasing cooperative consisting of independent skohandlere working together on purchasing and marketing. These skohandlerer operated under the name TOPS. This cooperation i s intended to give members a better overall economy to meet the increasing competition in the retail industry. The shops sells private labels and various brands of Danish suppliers.TOPS products argon designed for the h starst consumer, and the target audience is the whole family. Product labels within private labels are as fol low-downs Ralf Boston, Taxi, Adi, Mary B and Between.The new Tops store in Aalborg shop center is located in the new extension which has the name Nygade (pink street). This street connects the input A (main entrance at the grocery store) and input B (input oppositeness Steak Jensen / Nibevej).Shoe store TOPS is funded by Thorkild Hansen, who e really day is trade able boss in Aars. It is his daughter Camilla Hansen, store manager / owner of the new store. They both have a history from the hardware store industry. In the shop t here is employed a sales manager, a full-time sales assistant and peerless part-time sales assistant. You are aware that you have to have any(prenominal) hourly paid sales assistants to cover crooked hours. However, one would first look for the urgent need before hiring more.The store is located in North Jutland most attractive retail area in the city south of Aalborg. The competition here is tremendous, from German Deichmann to skokderne Skoringen and PAW SHOES. Grocery store is also a major competitor, while the overall industry slippage, as retailers fierce competition is to blame in.The hard struggle with the center of Aalborg has been going on ever since opening in 1997, and its just a matter of time before one gouge proclaim City South and Aalborg Shopping Center as the victor. City Southern and Aalborg Shopping Center is marketplace for all over Gauteng. The clients who come to Aalborg Mall comes with the purpose to spend money. Unlike customers in the city center, where there are many shoppers.Problem Argumentation In a store like TOPS in Aalborg shopping center, there are many challenges for Camill a Hansen. Problem of the project will be based on one of the issues that are most central to the management, namely the pauperism of the staff. Why is it such an important issue?One of the things that can explain the motivation question is the said(prenominal) competition as TOPS face. Is the sales staff not sparkd to provide the best service when they meet customers, customers needs are met in one of the competing shoe stores.There are also other elements such as indirect challenge my question about motivation. These I will elaborate on below.The increasing competition in the retail and policies have been elements in the environment that have helped to pave the way for the long opening hours. This development is currently push escalated with the abolition of the Shops Act 1 October 2012. Another challenge is the union HP, which puts pressure on employers to their employees come to work under some decent conditions, with regard to working hours.At the resembling time include th e cost structure in the retail industry, where labor costs and rent are the greatest. Since the wage cost is the simply one who in a short time can be changed, it is here, it is very focused. Rationalisation and maximum benefits of the employees are daily challenge in retail. It plainly has not done better after the financial crisis in 2008. The demand for goods has fallen / stagnated and the demand there is, is not the same(p) as before. At the same time discount concepts in many cases prospered due to the crisis.In the wake of these above mentioned elements have TOPS a need for the core of employees who are employed must be highly effective. Performance would with store personnel must be high, even in the long run. Therefore, it is important to achieve a keep up high staff motivation in TOPS. I therefore think it appropriate to make visible how the chew over should be structured so as to achieve a high inborn motivation of the employees. However, one must create a finale th at supports the motivation. Succeeded this, then the employees will eventually provide the same high level.Problem Formulation It is a challenge for management that structures the right job design for the team in the shop, so to create a sustained high level of motivation. This will form the basis for the desired high level of performance. I therefore do the following Explain the job characteristics model, in relation to the employees of Tops in Aalborg Mall. Provide an analysis of the elements to create a high MPS.Find out what basic assumptions that support a high MPS. arrive at suggestions for how to achieve sustained high MPS.The method Science Theoretical approach The knowledge / surmise which I create in the project is based on social constructionism. My new preconception will therefore be formed by the auto poetry system for which the employee is in TOPS.The way in which the theory is formed on the deductive because my curiosity is based on a theoretical model and problem f ormulation. The method is the hermeneutical spiral, as my practical / theoretical presuppositions will be further developed through a qualitative method ( sagacity interviews). This illustrates thanks to my depth interviews. First I affect my questions, then I ask detailed questions to their answers. This forms a new pre-understanding, which in turn contributes to a deeper level of understanding. This truth can be characterized as being causal explanatory. This provides functional explanations are operationalized through the quantitative method (questionnaire). Thus, I see the questionnaire as a hypothetical method.The hermeneutic process are processed through circular thinking. This theoretical system finally my deeper level of understanding will be provided by exploring patterns of attitudes of the individuals in TOPS. My interest is to see how employees and management mutually influence each other. This I find out each actors share in relation to the questions that my problem fo rmulation contains.Selection of theory Motivation Theory Motivation Theory is a very broad theoretical area. The models describe the area very differently from simple to concrete and detailed. Overall divided motivation theory for the following deuce areas Process TheoriesContent TheoriesProcess theories are based on the differences that applies to the employees behavior. The theory describes elements to be addressed in order to get employees to acquire a certain(p) behavior.Content theory concentrates on the needs of the employee and that the behavior is the same from person to person. Need fulfillment creates the motivation that causes the employee to perform a particular behavior (Major intrinsic motivation = better sales performance).I have decided that my topic motivation must be based on job characteristics model, which is do by Hackman and Oldham. I do so because it is necessary to take into account the differences in employee behavior. Otherwise, I would not in practice dis tinguish between kinds of different factors that motivate employees to TOPS. So they just had the same external and internal work environment, to be equally motivated in their work.The theory will form the basis for the firmness of purpose of the projects problem. At the same time it will be my starting point, to account for the motivation of employees through job design. Job characteristics model is to provide a leafy vegetable understanding of my explanation of how to design the job so that employees acquire the particular behavior (Major intrinsic motivation = better sales performance).Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model This thesis will be based on the version of the book Motivation is written by Helle Hein. This issue compared to the textbook is that there are some insignificant differences in how the moderators are defined.The model is based on some core job characteristics that form the basis for the ideal job design. Problem definition head word 1 deals with the exposition of the model in relation to the employees of TOPS. Presentation of the model will be done through in-depth interviews with employees. Based on depth interviews I will make a questionnaire to determine the factors that contribute to give a high motivation potential score (question 2).Model moderators will also be involved, as there are some providers elements that affect the fact that not all people react similarly to the job design. There are some barriers as a result of the fact that you do not get the best result, although job design is ideal. The moderators will also be explained through depth interviews (question 1).The model also contains the element of the critical psychological states, which will not be included in my project. This has no direct connection to my problem statement. I assume that when the optimal job design is achieved, as well as fulfillment of the moderators, so it will have a positive outcome (high motivation = good sales performance).Criticism o f Hackman and Oldham In the book, motivation is a few points on which job characteristics model are criticized. I will only cotton up the criticism points Helle Hein mentions in her book that influence in my project.The factors which constitute the core job characteristics are difficult to understand and distinguish between, for those who have to deal with any questions. This is one reason why I choose depth interview as my method of data collection. Respondent may help to understand the issues, which helps to sanction the information collected.The theory does not affect factor of social relations. Therefore, I believe that the model has a major weakness in this area. The relationship to ones colleagues is very important in a store like TOPS, where there are not many employees. It is important to feel like part of the community when you appearing up at work. Failure to do so, and you feel that is a bad mood, you will naturally seek new challenges. This will lead to an ideal job d esign does not work. Hertzberg theory takes high of social relations, and would have been better in this area. This theory, I squint a little in my statement (question 1).In my hypothesis, I touch on the concept of MPS. Helle Hein questioning whether one using a formula and theory can design the best possible job design to an employee. It is one of the concepts used in my project. Therefore, the same criticisms apply here.Hackman and Oldham theory is developed at the beginning of industrialization in the United States until the 1970s when the authors hypothecate the theory. As it developed it was the starting point for the theory not the retail industry, which means that in some cases, it will not always fit all in all with the fact that I daily find myself in.Cultural Theory Theory scope of the concept of culture has many approaches. Here there are for theoretical account Hofstede. This theorist is based on civic culture. He believes that an organizations culture is created on th e basis of, for example, the country or region in which it is located in. The theory here is based on a number of argue elements that help to characterize the culture. An example of this could be that the culture of TOPS will bear the mark of masculinity rather than the feminine. This is because you are very sales and performance oriented.Another theorists is Schein. This theory is built into a funnel model which is divided into 3 layers. The top are artifacts, which is a description of the physical conditions in which an outside person can see with the naked eye. The next layer is the values. This layer describes the employee proved doing to emphasize culture both internally and external. The last layer is called as basic assumptions, the conduct which they unconsciously without even thinking about it. The basic assumption being made by the leader.A third theory is the Deal and Kennedys cultural model. This theory is based on the market to which the organization finds itself in. The theory describes two dimensions, each with their opposing extremes. These being high risk / low risk or timely feedback / slow feedback. Here are TOPS in the dimension which is characterized by low risk and rapid feedback. In trade with each customers risk low if it failed. At the same time you get rapid feedback on sales because you can constantly follow it.Overall, it is appropriate to use the Deal and Kennedy to describe culture as the retail industry is very market specific. This will also be my approach. But to describe the culture internally, I will build on Schein funnel model, because this model is more up rational. At the same time, the shop is starting, and I therefore believe that it is the store manager, who through her actions and attitudes create culture. Furthermore, it is also the one who owns the shop and is the pioneer. In a pioneering company, it is usually the owners attitudes and opinions that characterize the corporate culture.

The Methodology Of Biopsychology: Substance Abuse

The Methodology Of Biopsychology Substance Ab subroutineTo understand addictive demeanor, one must understand the brain the pursuit of this understanding is a challenge with great rewards. Analyzing human behavior requires subjectivity, while the brain contains objective realities this requires holistic approach for full comprehension. Three ecumenic types of methodological issues ar prominent in question involving assessment of dependence (1) the reliability and validity of self-report, collateral, and biological methods of assessing signifi passelce exercising, (2) the variability and episodic course of substance use disorders, and (3) the heterogeneity of individuals with substance use disorders. The history, explanation, driveways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to impart the understanding and preaching of all addictions.HistoryChemical dependency has been part of every hostel and each millenn ium has treated the problems that addiction brings with a methodology unique to the times. Historically, society has attempted to deal with addiction in a certain way (Scheier, 2009). Based in fear of all the unknowns associated with substance abuse, the legal system displace addicts to prison, society in general shunned them and treated them as misfits, and the mental health community confined them to mental health institutions. Today the current modality of discussion for those afflicted with substance abuse is to attempt some way to get them help in whatever area they need it. Basic research on substance abuse has been a public science since the 1930s, funded almost entirely by the U.S. federal g all overnment (Scheier).The popular experimentation with doses in the mid-to-late 1960s elevated some questions for which the traditional focus of dependency explore Center had no answers (Smith, 2010). As a consequence, the field began to diversify and decentralize such that rese archers had morepathways from which to choose. Research pathways emerged in behavioral and neuro- or psychopharmacology (Scheier, 2009). Meanwhile, substance abuse as rise up took to the street, bringing researchers into the community. This brought about the emergence of four significant research areas qualitative social research, epidemiology, handling research, and research establish on self-reports (Scheier).Definition of AddictionThere are several definitions of addiction. All addictions fool common denominators of being a complex sickness characterized by intense, uncontrollable craving, along with compulsive behavior even in light of devastating consequences. (Pinel, 2009). These commonalities besides include symptoms of withdrawal, tolerance, a impulse to cut ingest or stop use/behavior, the inability to stop or decrease exercising, loss of employment, estranged families, and social contacts are lost due to the addiction. Addiction has many dimensions that disrupt seve ral if non every aspect of an individuals life. In order to understand what addiction is a definition needs to be cleanly stated. electric current neuroscientific research on substance abuse seeks to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the transition from occasional, controlled medicine use to the loss of behavioral control over drug seeking and drug-taking that defines chronic addiction (Edwards, 2005).Treatment ModalitiesEvery individual is unique and each person can respond differently to treatment modalities. Professionals that execute in the field of addiction and treatment should be trained in current trends in alternative treatments and especially those that cook proven effective. In the psychoanalyse by Castel, Rush, Urbanoski and Toneatto, (2006) their results head how complex addictions are and the overlap with mental health issues or other biological disorders. This study was steadfast in their methodology, but the use of a screening tool m ight have increased the rate of reported symptoms. Their study did not indicate this to be of significance. Their study has opened the pathway for rising research in biopsychology that volition illuminate some pivotal points in the biological nature of cross addictions with psychiatrical issues and substance abuse indicators. medicinal drug and behavioral therapy, especially when combined, are important elements of an overall therapeutic process that often begins with detoxification, followed by treatment and relapse prevention. Easing withdrawal symptoms can be important in the initiation of treatment preventing relapse is necessary for maintaining its effects (Fitzgerald McCarty, 2009). Sometimes, as with other chronic conditions, episodes of relapse may require a translate to prior treatment components. A continuum of care that includes a holistic treatment program that addresses all aspects of an individuals life, including medical and mental health services and follow-up options can be crucial to a persons success in achieving and maintaining a drug-free lifestyle (Scheier, 2009).Methodologies for StudyResearch in this field has produced a host of differing theories and models to follow the factors influencing drug use. The enormous amount of literature is impressive, yet overwhelming and often contradictory (Edwards Cobb, 2010). The focus of this bibliography has been to assess the current state of substance abuse with compliance to the focus of current research attention, and to identify knowledge gaps. Despite the limitations of the existing material, this view provides a useful platform to deepen and broaden the scope of biopsychological research.This variance exit describe the studies in general and then lead provide synopsis of the common theories that are present throughout each study as well(p) as how each study stands alone. Each individual study will be described and the conclusions presented, this will be brief and to the point. Th ere will be a more detailed discussion that will take into consideration all of the studies presented. The discussion will include the strengths and limitations of current methodologies, biology, similarities and differences with regard to the general theory of addiction and how the addiction pathways are formed as well as possible treatments. Finally, this section will address what needs to be considered in the future and what the studies brought up that needs to be examined in order to better understand and claim some solutions for future studies as well as to offer the reader options for future study and research.The history, explanation, pathways and methodologies of addiction are all complex and need to be studied in the scope of biopsychology in order to advance the understanding and treatment of all addictions. Addiction has been a part of every society, socio-economic class, race, and gender and discriminates against none. There are a variety of theories of addiction as wel l as treatments some founded in theory and others founded self-reports. The ability to treat and understand addiction rests in the hands of competent clinicians willing to examine possibilities that are not comm and thought of to be related to addiction. Understanding the biopsychology of addiction will aid in eliminating addiction for future generations to come.Annotated BibliographyCastel, S., Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Toneatto, T. (2006). Overlap of clusters of psychiatric symptomsamong clients of a complete addiction treatment service. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 28-35. inside10.1037/0893-164X.20.1.28.This condition describes the prevalence and overlap of psychiatric symptoms among 2,784 clientsof the outpatient programs at a comprehensive addictions treatment facility. The psychiatricsymptoms were assessed by a computer-based questionnaire, and the analysis foc employ on theoverlap of symptom clusters (multimorbidity) and their relation to selected intake multi variatesknown to be predictors of treatment outcome. This study will help accentuate the need for adetailed customized treatment approach.Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. inside10.1037/a0013420This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables thatinfluence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment ofalcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influencessimultaneously. Hierarchical elongate modeling tested the contribution of individual andorganizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment clinical TrialsNetwork treatment unit and custody surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatmentunits). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a unique become of variables existed fo r each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatricmedications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addictionmedications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong researchvariable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addictiontreatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results.Ducci, F., Goldman, D. (2008). Genetic approaches to addiction Genes and alcohol. Addiction, 103(9), 1414-1428. inside10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02203.x.This study examines the communicable basis for addiction, alcoholism in particular. The study is aliterature review that focused on the communicable basis of alcoholism. The results of the reviewshow that alcoholic genes are acting at the pharmacokinetic or pharmaco energizing levels. Therehas been major progress in gene identification in recent years, using intermediate phenotypessuch as task-related brain activation, who le genome association studies, gene environmentstudies, gene effects studies and the genome wide analysis. This study finds that the geneticbasis for alcoholism and other addictions is unknown, as further studies are conducted they arelikely to find a link. This study will be used to indicate that addiction can be tied to genesand that biopsychology will play an important part in the future of addiction.Edwards, G. (2005). Addiction Biology goes fast forward. Addiction, 100(1), doi10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01109.x.This article examines the new leadership established at the Society for the Study of Addiction.Included are a variety of new appointments, as well as pertly created ones. This articlewill be used to demonstrate the preparing of the addiction community to prepare for studied inbiopsychology and their acceptance and increased understanding of the matter. This article willfurther show that addiction study is needed and that infrastructure is being created in order toprovide for this new understanding of addiction.Edwards, S. Koob G. (2010). Neurobiology of deregulated motivational systems in drug addiction Future Neurology, 5(3), 393-410. doi 2034674321.This study examines Neurobiological mechanisms for blackball reinforcement, which mean thatparticipating in an addiction, in this study drug addiction, and it alleviates a negative excitedstate, and this involves changes in the brain and leads to forebrain stress. This stress maycontribute to changes in the reinforcement mechanisms in the brain that are associated withaddiction. The points of the intersection between the positive and negative motivational areasin the brain may drive addiction and may provide an increased understanding of theneurobiological substrate for therapeutic intervention. This article will be used to furtherexamine that addiction is related to biopsychology and that determining the reinforcementcenters in the brain will aid in understanding the behavior associated with addicti on.Fitzgerald, J., McCarty, D. (2009). Understanding attitudes toward use of medication in substance abuse treatment A multilevel approach. Psychological Services, 6(1), 74-84. doi10.1037/a0013420.This study used a treatment unit survey for individual and organizational variables thatinfluence attitudes toward use of naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine for the treatment ofalcohol and drug disorders. Previous research has not considered both sets of influencessimultaneously. Hierarchical linear modeling tested the contribution of individual andorganizational variables with data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical TrialsNetwork treatment unit and workforce surveys (n = 2,269 staff nested within 247 treatmentunits). Individual-level variables consistently had more influence on attitudes, but a uniqueblend of variables existed for each medication. One predictor, support for psychiatricmedications, influenced attitudes across all medications. Staff attitudes toward addi ctionmedications varied significantly between treatment units. This study can be a strong researchvariable to establish the need for psychobiology to be an active participant for addictiontreatment. The appropriate use of addiction medications was evidenced by their results.Fortuna, J. (2010). Sweet p part, sugar addiction and the familial history of alcohol dependence Shared neural pathways and genes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 147-51.This study examines the fact that many people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol also havea sweet preference, particularly those with a high sucrose concentration. This study furtherexamines that some people who have a high habit of sugar rich foods and drinksdemonstrates the release of euphoric endorphins and dopamine in the same way that alcoholand drugs do. This study asserts that the neurobiological pathways are the same for sugar anddrug addiction. Craving, tolerance, withdrawal and sensitising have been documented in both human a nd animal studies. This study goes on to show that there is a cross sensitizationbetween sugar addiction and narcotic dependence. This study also demonstrates that thebiological children of alcoholic parents, particularly fathers, have a strong sweet preference and that may show up in eating disorders in later life. This study will be used to demonstrate that addiction can be unconquerable through genes and can manifest in different addiction choices.Gillman, A., Kosobud, A., Timberlake, W. (2010). Effects of multiple daily nicotine administrations on pre- and post-nicotine circadian activity episodes in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(4), 520-531. doi10.1037/a0020272.This study has shown that nicotine that is administered with an entertaining activity and that itaffected food intake and that throughout the pre and post dose that there was a relation to theincrease in the desire for the activity and as well as the nicotine. This study will be used todemonstrate that cross addic tion and transference can happen in addiction resulting in the waythe brain synthesizes entertainment and addiction. It will be used to demonstrate that there areaddiction areas in the brain and that stimulation of one can increase other areas.Haber, J. R., Bucholz, K. K., Jacob, T., Grant, J. D., Scherrer, J. F., Sartor, C. E., Duncan, A. R. Heath, A. (2010, September). Effect of paternal alcohol and drug dependence on offspring conducts disorder Gene-Environment interplay. Journal of Studies on alcoholic beverage and Drugs 71 (5) 652-663. ISSN 1937-1888This article discussed current research on substance-use disorders and externalizing disordersthat frequently present simultaneously, as well as in families across generations. Researchersexamined the role of genetic and environmental influences in the relationship between paternalhistories of drug dependence or alcohol dependence and offspring conduct disorder using an offspring-of-twins design. The methodology used male twins fr om the Vietnam Era TwinRegistry, their offspring, and mothers of the offspring. The study was difficult to follow, butyielded results that indicated genetic risk associated with both paternal drug-dependence andpaternal alcohol-dependence histories predicted offspring conduct-disorder risk, but only riskassociated with paternal drug-dependence history was mitigated by having a low-riskenvironment. This study will be used to demonstrate a significant gene-environmentinteraction, indicating a strong need for further biopsychological research in this area.Lee, P., Lee, D., Lee, P.. (2010). 2010 U.S. Drug and Alcohol Policy, Looking Back and MovingForward. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 99-114.This article demonstrates the different perspectives in the usage of the disease model ofaddiction indicating the influence of The United States drug policy. This article spansvarious areas of substance abuse research with the focus on new perspectives for future research and changes to th e drug policy of the United States. This article will be used to show where the future of biopsychology and substance abuse research is headed.Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.ISBN 978-0-205-54892-7.This record covers a variety of biopsychology topics in depth as well as anatomy of the brain.This book will be used as a reference to explain the tests used for the determination of behaviorand brain connectivity. It will be used to describe the parts of the brain that are related toaddiction. It will also be used to explain how addiction works in the brain.Scheier, L. M. (ed) (2009). Multiple paths to partial truths A history of drug aetiology. The Handbookof Drug Etiology Theory, Methods, and existential Findings. American PsychologicalAssociation. Washington, DC. ISBN 978-1-4338-0446-5This handbook covers the complexities of personality, genetic, environmental, and cultural influences on behavior that are difficult to dissect or tr eat as independent forces. This volume covers this dynamic field comprehensively. A team of researchers presents dissimilar theoretical perspectives and viewpoints on complex issues ranging from causation to consequences and including a rich discussion of prevention practices and how they influence policy. The editor and contributors show the origins of the field of drug use etiology in clinical work with addicts, detail the history of the field and examine the interaction of epidemiology and etiology.This book will be used to examine substance abuse causations such as peer pressure, community, genetics, race, and age. This will help determine the ways in which drug use etiology links with biopsychology.Smith, D. (2010).The evolution of addiction medicine and its San Francisco roots. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 199-201.This article examines how addiction has evolved from its roots in San Francisco. It examines avariety of problems that are caused from drug addiction and th e problems that it causes tosociety. This article will be used as a historical reference and as a general reference to thehistory of drugs in general. Addiction research has attempted to keep up with the rapidprogression.Sofuoglu, M., Sugarman, D., Carroll, K. (2010). Cognitive function as an emerging treatment targetfor marijuana addiction. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 109-119.doi10.1037/a0019295.Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the world, and demand for effective treatment is increasing. However, abstinence rates following behavioral therapies have been modest, and there are no effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cannabis addiction. We propose a novel research agenda and a potential treatment strategy, based on observations that both acute and chronic exposure to cannabis are associated with dose-related cognitive impairments, most consistently in attention, working memory, verbal learning, and memory functions. These impa irments are not completely reversible upon cessation of marijuana use, and moreover may interfere with the treatment of marijuana addiction. Therefore, targeting cognitive impairment associated with chronic marijuana use may be a promising novel strategy for the treatment of marijuana addiction. Preclinical studies suggest that medications enhancing the cholinergic transmission may attenuate cannabis-induced cognitive impairments, but these cognitive enhancing medications have not been examined in controlled human studies. Preliminary evidence from individuals addicted to other drugs suggests that computerized cognitive rehabilitation may also have utility to improve cognitive function in marijuana users. Future clinical studies optimally designed to measure cognitive function as well as drug use behavior would be needed to test the efficacy of these treatments for marijuana addiction.

Human Resource Management (HRM) in Different Organisations

sympathetic preference Management (HRM) in Different Organisations gracious imagery Management (HRM) is the function within an fundamental law that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the muckle who work in the organization. Human imagery Management target also be performed by line managers.(http// gentlemans gentleman mental imagerys.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm)Storey defines HRM as a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve emulous advantage through the strategicalal schooling of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an arryay of ethnic, structural and personnel techniques. (Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon 5th edition)Thus, HRM includes so umteen another(prenominal) activities like planning, recruitment, selection, development, motivation, remuneration, etc. HRM aims at mounting people through work.In addition to this concern for the individual, HRM is also about developing the environment within the company for developing good qualities. at that place must be good professional relationship between gaffer and the employees. The HR manager has to look at all these aspects of the company with long status view to the company.One way of presentating this is that it might have been said of the personnel manager that they were involved mainly in recruitment, payment and keeping account. They at that placefore touch on themselves with a sanely slight view of the people in the organization. (http//www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/teachingmanagement/ gracious beingresourcemanagement/)The main activities of HRMThe one that we would list be as followsRecruitment and selectionExamplesHRM at nokiaNokia Connecting plurality this motto is know all over the world.Nokia employs thousands of people from the world each and every year. Their method of recruitment is really very accurate and selective, and they recruit the people who fulfi ll their all requirements for the job.( http//www.oppapers.com/essays/Nokia-Analysis/131739)Training and developmentExampleHRM at hospitality industriousnessNowadays, in each and every industry, training is necessary. An introductory guide is full updated with recent informations, news and datas.the hospitality industry mainly give attention to following avtivity of human resource management.Selection, appointment and inductionTraining and management developmentLabor turnoverEmployee relations and employment law(http//www.flipkart.com/human-resource-management-hospitality-industry/0750666366-s5w3f9hgko)HRM at B S healthcare London It is the place where I am works. After interrogate they had a training for all new comers. It is basically a pharmacy industry which makes the medicines on daily order bases. When I was selected in the interview, I was told to write out 10 specific tasks related to my job of making the medicines, specially suspensions. And after identifying the skills they train the new employees nicely.(Personal experience)ExampleDisneys Polynesian Resort It has developed a training program, to facilitate employee understanding and commitment to the railway line and its esteems called Magic of Polynesia. At Edward Jones, new brokers attend 17 weeks of training at costs ranging between $50,000 and $70,000 per person. Conversely, many organizations provide minimal initial training, little on-going development programs, and poorly implemented on-the-job training (http//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.html)Human resource planningProvision of contractsProvision of fair treatmentProvision of equal opportunitiesAssessing performance of employeesEmployee counselingExampleHRM at health centers Health centre employees must have some nice layer but it is also important that they behave very nicely to the patients. So continuous viewing of the staff in health centers must be monitored by the manager. Generally, in health centers HRM is bein g observed in following waysA deliberate of nurse staffing, organization and quality of careA study of staffing level, mix and outcome indicatorsAn examination of nurse staffing, patient mortality rates.( http//www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/6IDAQXWED)Employee welfareExampleHRM at Starbucks Starbucks believes that one of their roughly expensive resources are their workers. Here the personnel are provided very good environment to work and they are very well treated by the boss also. Managers believe that they are playing the major role in their benefits. All workers are called partners of the starbucks, no matter what job they are doing in the coffee shop. separately partner is pensionable to receive health care, participate in the Bean Stock program, and get a free pound of coffee each week. (http//www.academicmind.com/unpublishedpapers/business/marketing/2002-04-000aag-catching-the-starbucks-fever.html)ExampleHRM at Hotels Here, management staff is getting more tha n benefits than non management receives. If the staff work more than 40 hours then they are paying(a) per hour on regular basis and thay may get extra pay for doing over-time. They also have very good pension scheme and they can join in from day 1.(Human Resource management in hotel industry strategy and transition by Kim Hoque)Health and safetyExampleHRM at airlines industryAirlines have adopted a short-permits, cost-rational move toward to HRM and health and safety, evidenced by a range of plannings, in order to increase competitive advantage. alone, here pay was considered more important than the health and safety of the workers. But nowadays, the management has been improved and the workers get more benefits from the company.(http//www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=879290)Disciplining individualDealing with grievancesDismissalNegotiation supporting(a) involvement(Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foo t 2nd edition)Major characteristics of HRMThe major characteristics of HRM have been identified as followsThe importance of adopting a strategic approach is emphasized.Line managers play a very important role.They achieve the competitive advantage by the efforts of the workers. This can variously be interpreted into actions known as soft HRM.A unitary rather than a pluralist approach prevail in the relationship between managers and employees. (Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd edition)Strategic human resource managementStrategic human resource management can be defined as the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to near business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation, flexibility and competitive advantage. In an organisation SHRM manner accepting and involving the HR function as a strategic colleague in the formulation and execution of the companys strategies through HR behavior such as re cruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. (http//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585)(http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC722/fc722.html)Since the early 1980s when human resource management arrived on the managerial agenda, there has been considerable debate concerning its nature and its nature and its value to organizations. Indeed, the now large literature rarely differentiates between HRM and SHRM. Some have focused HRM as a means of gaining commitment and linked this to outcomes of enhanced organizational performance and business setiveness through best practice models or high performance work practices. (Human Resource Management by Julie Bardwell Tim Claydon, 5th edition)Features of SHRMThe secern features of SHRM areThere is a strong relation between HR policy and practices and final organizational strategic aims and the organizational environment.There is some organizing plat linking HR intervention so that they are eq ually helpfulMuch of the responsibility for the management of human resources is developed losing the line.ExampleHRM at Cisco transcriptionCharles Schwab was the manager at Cisco governing body. They think that for providing outstanding customer services, it is necessary to treat their own employees very well. This translates into Schwab employees with five years of service being eligible for four-week paid sabbaticals that can be combined with vacation time. The practices at these sharp contrast to the well-known restaurants that pay minimum weges.( http//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.html)How SHRM differs from HRMIn the last two decades there has been an increasing awareness that HR functions were like an island unto itself with softer people-centred values far away from the hard world of real business. In order to justify its own being HR functions had to be seen as more intimately connected with the strategy and day to day running of the business side of the enterprise. Strategic human resource management focuses on human resource programs with long-term objectives. Instead of focusing on internal human resource issues, the focus is on addressing and solving problems that effect people management programs in the long run and often globally. ((http//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585)(http//www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC722/fc722.html)What are strategic goals and objectives?Strategic goals are statements of what you wish to get over the period of plotted plan, for examples next month, next year, ten years. They reflect the detailed analysis you do that starts with creating a idea, a role statement and a work statement, and then your analysis of your environment, strengths, opportunities and threats.In other way, drafting five or six major strategic or business goals may seem relatively simple. The actual physical composition may be but connecting the goals to the break of the strategic plannin g process requires a high degree of analytic and reasonable skill.ExampleHRM in bootsboots is a company which produces different kind of products. It is very catchy to make a major change in the organizational staff, ans also it is too difficult for multitask business to single task operations. During the year 2002-03 boots active in a programme of focus group meeting for all of their retail employees with the aim of making known and engaging everyone in the business this involved more than 51000 people staff. The key objective of the meeting was that all staff develop understanding of Boots markets, customers and competitors. (http//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/boots/boots_old/boots_old_15.htm)Organizational innovation and HRMInnovations can be defined as deliberate and radical changes in existing products or services, processes or the organisation in order to reach competitive advantage compared with competitors . Crucial aspects in this definition areInnovation means the introduct ion of something new, at least for the standing organization, in terms of new products or services, new technology or new forms of organizationInnovation takes place with the intention to gain some advantageInnovations develop through radical jumps although many authors also speak of incremental innovationInnovations can be managed this means that there are activities/stages such as goal formulation, design and organization, implementation and monitoring.But they can also present an opportunity answering them gives the organization the option to expand or to develop into a new direction. In our conceptual mannequin we distinguish four types of developmentsEconomic developments, like changes in markets and industries, changes in demands for products and/or services, etc.Technological developments, like the development and application of new technology.Social/cultural developments, like demographical changes, changes in individual preferences, such as individualization, emancipation of specific groups, etc.Political developments, like changes in government policies (towards innovations), general trends like liberalization of trade, supra-national co-operation, etc.(http//www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/management-consulting/1024364-1.html)Example of HRM-innovationThe delegation of the responsibility for the development and introduction of new work methods to a team (devolution).Example of HRM-innovationThe introduction of a reward system that is related to innovation outcomes, like the number of new products, the successful implementation of a new technology, etc.Example of HRM-innovationThe HR leadership award which was a part of global excellence awards presented at the congress, is in recognition of Mr. Joshis leadership and contribution to the field of HR. as a tradability.Example of HRM-innovationsThe introduction of a more flexible staffing approach e.g. by giving people contracts for the duration of their projects instead of permanent contra cts.(http//www.zyduscadila.com/press/Asia%20Pacfic%20HRM%20Congress%20Award%20.pdf)HRM and FLEXIBILITYThe human resource management practices that may doctor labor flexibility, that is, the adaptability of a firms workforce. A random sample of managers in the largest manufacturers in Taiwan completed a structured questionnaire containing a measure of employee participation as an indicator of a firms labor flexibility. Important terms related to flexibility of an organization are listed belowLabor market flexibility,where it is said that regulation and resulting rigidity of the job market act against growth and should be minimized.Flexible firma model of organization developed by the former Institute of workforce Studies in the UK during the 1980s. Argues for a workforce composed of core and peripheral workforces. They take care of the organizations key functions. Peripheral workers are split into three categoriesRegular employees engaged in relatively low-skill, routine work. Fai rly low pay and insecure the next wave of technology can remove the need for these people.Contingent employees working on high-skill tasks, perhaps on short-term contracts or projects. High pay, no job security but this is compensated for by the freedom to pick and take up projects.Low-skill, low pay contract workers often provided by an agency for cleaning, routine security, catering, etc.Within the model there are some key informative conceptsnumerical,functionalandpayflexibility and also distancing. The model has its critics and there is little evidence that organizations have made much use of it as a strategic concept. However, individual components such as sub-contracting are commonplace.Flexible specialization. An argument that fordism or mass production is declining in favor of smaller niche market manufacturing. Consumers are more demanding, it seems, wanting more individual products. Questionable.ExampleHRM at McDonalds McDonalds places emphasis on the training and devel opment of its workers. They provide career opportunities for people to achieve their potential. Specially, the firm offers both part-time and full-time career opportunities, which helps staff to combine work with family or educational commitments. Job progression is used to encourage employees who got their 1st job in the firm to progress to manage positions. oer half of the companys middle and senior managers have moved up from restaurant-based positions.( http//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc16.htm)Managing organizations strategicallyA processual view of strategy sees it as the pattern appear over the time in an organization as actions of both planned and unplanned nature are carried out to enable the organization as a whole to carry on into the future. It follows from this view that strategic choices or managerial decisions are those that haveA corporate dimension relate to the whole organization as opposed simply to a part of itA long term implication whether this be a ma tter of just surviving in the sense of staying viable or a matter of aiming to operate at higher level of performance. (The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition)SHRM and culture everywhere the foregone decade, the management of a firms entire supply chain has become the process for building improved and stronger upstream and downstream business linkage. Over the past decade, the management of a firms total supply chain has become the process for building better and stronger upstream and downstream business linkages. He concept organizational culture refers to the character of a firm, i.e., what makes the organization unique in the eyes of insiders and outsiders. While there are many definitions of culture, the common theme is the presence of divided up values, beliefs, assumptions, and patterns of behavior. Two critical cultural elements are inherent in this definition.The first element of culture is the shared nature of job or role expectations. Over ti me, supply chain members also develop a common awareness about what is expected of them and what they can anticipate in return. In this sense, there are two aspects of shared expectationsThe internal culture that characterizes employee expectations andThe external culture that designates channel member expectations.(The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition)ConclusionI, definitely, think that the linking of HRM with strategic goals and objectives by any organization will help to improve business performance and develop organizational culture s that foster and flexibility. Research on diversity of national cultures and their influence on employees behavior inspire much optimism about emerging perspectives on culture and SHRM practices. There is a growing bar of research that illuminates differences in the way organizations around the globe make decisions, allocate resources, negotiate, manage and motivate employees and train them. Also, from above examples , it can be said that human resource management plays most important role in development of any organization. Strategic HRM is really important for creating innovative culture of an organization.REFERENCESWhat Is Human Resource Management?-http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htmHRM INTRODUCTION-http//tutor2u.net/business/people/hrm_introduction.htmhrm- http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.htmlStrategic human resource management-http//www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htmHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT http//www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/teachingmanagement/humanresourcemanagement/Influence of destination on Strategic Human Resourcehttp//www.strathmore.edu/research/strategic-human-resource-mgt.pdfChallenges of hrm-http//www.zeromillion.com/business/hrm.htmlWhat is hrm?-http//ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585Can you give me an example of human resource management a t the company?-http//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc16.htmNokia analysis-http//www.oppapers.com/essays/Nokia-Analysis/131739Office of military unit Management- http//www.opm.gov/studies/alignnet.pdfCan you give me an example of HRM at the company?-http//www.bized.co.uk/compfact/boots/boots_old/boots_old_15.htmHRM in the airline industry strategies an outcomeshttp//www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=879290Hrm at The Hospitality Industry http//www.flipkart.com/human-resource-management-hospitality-industry/0750666366-s5w3f9hgkoThe effects of culture and human resource management- http//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.htmlHand book on hrm- http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UCpg=PA142dq=hrm%2Bgoalssource=gbs_selected_pagescad=3v=onepageq=hrm%2Bgoalsf=falseInnovating Organisations and HRM-http//www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/management-consulting/1024364-1.htmlWhat Are The Characteristi cs of Good Strategic Goals and Objectives Within Strategic Planning?http//work911.com/planningmaster/faq/goalsgood.htmhttp//www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/6IDAQXWEDJOURNAL of diversity management- Third Quarter 2007Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon, 5th editionOrganizational Behaviour by David Buchanan, 5th editionIntroducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd editionThe strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd editionHuman resource management practiceBy Michael Armstrong page 144Human Resource management in hotel industry strategy and innovation by Kim HoqueStrategic Human Resource Management by Susan JacsonBIBLIOGRAPHYJOURNAL of diversity management- Third Quarter 2007Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon, 5th editionOrganizational Behaviour by David Buchanan, 5th editionIntroducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd editionThe strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edit ionHuman resource management practiceBy Michael Armstrong page 144Human Resource management in hotel industry strategy and innovation by Kim HoqueStrategic Human Resource Management by Susan Jacson

Substrate On Rate Respiration In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Substrate On Rate Respiration In Saccharomyces CerevisiaeThe aim of this investigation is to examine what effects contrary substratums postulate on the respiration of barm. I ordain investigate this by measuring the amount of vitamin C dioxide evolved during anaerobic respiration. The mint of carbonic acid gas gas go out be collected using a gas syringe.BACKGROUND INFORMATIONYEASTSaccharomyces cerevisiae, also k instantlyn as yeast, is a micro organism that procedures saprophytic put upion to disruption down substrates. This is achieved through releasing specific enzymes to break down specific substrates, but if yeast does non contain a certain(p) types of enzyme thence it slewnot break down its substrate. The much(prenominal) the enzyme of a particular substrate, the faster the rate of breakdown and in that respectfore the more carbonic acid gas is rised. This impart help me to examen how much carbon dioxide each substrate fathers. Yeast can also sigh aerobi cally and anerobically depending on the availability of O2. If there is plentiful of O2 then yeast would respire aerobically with sugars, producing H2O and carbonic acid gas as waste products. However, if no oxygen is available then the fermentation would occur which converts sugars into CO2 and ethanol.RESPIRATIONRespiration is the attend to by which energy is released energy from glucose in the presence of Oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and urine as waste products. Glucose releases energy in a series of receptions that take place inwardly components of the prison cell. The stages are briefly explained belowGLYCOLYSISTo get the sugar in a more re dynamical form it is advanced to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the addition 2 phosphate elements. This process is a phosphorylation reaction. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then broken down into 2 moleecules of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate, which comprises of 3C each. The glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate born-again into pyruvate via t he oxidation process where each GAL3P molecule releases 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons. The electrons are then transferred to NAD to produce NADH (reduced NAD) and the energy is employ to produce 4ATP from 4ADP and 4Pi. Finally there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of pyruvate which is applyd in the liaison reaction and 2 molecules of reduced NAD which carries on to the link reaction.LINK REACTIONIn the link reaction the 2 molecules of pyruvate leave the cytoplasm of the cell and enter the mitochondrial matrix. This is an oxidation reaction where 2 NAD molecules oxidise 2 pyruvate molecules into 2 acid molecules. These 2 molecules of acetic acid then go on to combine with 2 coenzyme-A molecules to form acetyl group Co enzyme A. in the end of this stage 2 molecules of reduced NAD form, 2 molecules of CO2 is lost and most(prenominal) importantly, Acetyl Co enzyme A is formed through the conversion of pyruvate. This is then used in the next stage of respirat ion.KREBS CYCLEAt the start Acetyl Coenzyme A , combines with Citrate Synthase an enzyme as well and a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate, forming Citrate. Then, Citrate goes through the process of oxidative decarboxylation which forms a 5 carbon molecule called oxoglutarate.at this point NADH is produced and CO2 is removed. In the latter stages of the krebs cycle, the oxoglutarate is changed into a 4 carbon oxaloacetate molecule. NADH is made and 1 molecule ATP is also made. The raft of CO2 that is produced in the krebs cycle is important as this is the hooklike variable.ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINIn this stage all of the NADH and FADH that has been produced in the previous stages is converted into ATP. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria. The NADH and FADH electrons move. When the electrons pass from one carrier to another, a series of reduction and oxidation reactions take place which releases energy in the process. This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the m atrix into the inter membrane space, so creating a gradient where the tautness of the H+ ions in the intermembranal space is higher than it s in the matrix. The inner membrane contains enzymes called ATP Synthase and The H+ ions diffuse through these enzymes causing energy to be released which is used to synthesise ATP through phosphorylation. The process is called because the final terminal electron acceptor is oxygen which picks up the electrons from the chain and the H+ ion from the matrix to form H20 as a waste product. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme Cytochrome OxidaseFor every NADH which enters the chain and is oxidised by NADH dehydrogenase, 3 ATP are produced. For each FADH that enters the chain, 2 molecules of ATP are made.ENZYMESEnzymes are proteins that can effectively increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the required energy (activation energy) needed in order for the reaction to occur. Enzymes drop a tertiary structure which decides the shape of the ac tive site. The substrate essential be specific to the active site because if they were not complementary to each other, then the substrate can no longer bind to the active site, then the enzyme substrate interlacing does not form. The performance of enzymes can be affected in several ways some of which I have explained below.TEMPERATUREAn increase in temperature provide cause an increase in the rate of reaction because both the enzyme particles and substrate particles have gained kinetic energy. This volition result in the particles to move faster, thus increasing collision frequency and the tote ups of successful collisions as the particles have the required activation energy. If the temperature rises above the optimum temperature then the enzymes can become denatured. This happens because the enzyme molecule vibrates more causing the weak hydrogen bonds ( retention the 3D structure of the enzyme together) to break. This eventually leads to the shape of the active site being altered. Consequently, the substrate result not be able to bind with the substrate as the shape of the active site is no longer complementary so the substrate enzyme complex can not form. This is important in my type because if the yeast (enzyme) was to become denatured then it would not be able to bind with the substrate (e.g. glucose) and the reaction would not be catalysed, preventing any CO2 from being formed. I essential ensure that temperature is kept unceasing throughout.PHAnother factor which can affect enzymes is pH. Enzymes also have an optimum pH which is pH enzymes work best at. Changing the pH can change the tertiary structure due to the number of H+ ion in an acid or the OH- ions in an alkali. These ions disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds amongst -NH2 and -COOH. This will cause the tertiary structure to break down and changing the active site in the process. Once again, the substrate will no longer be able to bind with the active site, hence no substrate enzyme complex will form. I intend to use a polisher resolvent which will resist any changes in pH.SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONIncreasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity as they are more molecules to occupy the active site, thus a faster reaction. If more enzyme substrate complex forms then more CO2 will be produced. However this is occurs only for a certain period until all the active sites are saturated with substrates. Therefore an increase in substrate concentration will not result in a increase in the rate of reaction.PLANNINGTHE DEPENDANT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLEThe dependant variable will be the volume of C02 produced during respiration and the independent variable will be the substrates that I decide to use in the try. These are Glucose, Fructose, maltose, lactose and Sucrose.NULL HYPOTHESISThe substrates will have no effect on the volume of CO2 produced during the respiration of yeast.HYPOTHESISAs the substrates are changed, the volume of CO2 formed during the re spiration of yeast will also changePREDICTIONI divine that of all my substrates, maltose will produce the greatest volume of CO2 when added to yeast in a fixed amount of while. Referring to my background knowledge, I know that glucose and fructose monosaccharides which can be directly absorbed by the yeast as no enzymes are required to break them down. This will allow for glycolysis to take place quicker. However I think that glucose will produce CO2 quicker than fructose because glucose is the main food source/ respiratory substrate for yeast, thus there will more glucose carrier proteins present in yeast. If more carriers are present then will enable absorption to occur quicker, hence respiration will happen quicker. So I see glucose will produce more CO2 than fructose within a given time period.However in terms of volume of C02, I moot maltose will exceed both of these monosaccharides. Maltose is a disaccharide that consists of two glucose molecules held together by a glycosi dic bond. Once this bond is broken down by maltase, there will be twice as many glucose molecules available in the like volume of other substrates such as glucose. More sugars can then be provided for respiration, hence more CO2 produced in 45 minutes. One point that must be taken into to account is that maltose bevel be used directly, so it could take time before the glucose can be used. In addition, as glucose is a polar molecule it must be transported via facilitated diffusion. This could be a limiting factor if all the carriers become occupied, which would slow down the respiration process as a result.After fructose, I predict sucrose will be the 4th substrate to produce the most CO2. Sucrose is also a disaccharide which consists of a glucose and fructose molecule. This substrate also requires enzymes to break it down and this could be a time consuming process as there is a limited amount of time. Furthermore, there arent as many fructose carrier proteins present in yeast cel l membrane compared to glucose.Finally I predict lactose will produce the least amount of CO2 purely because yeast doesnt contain the enzyme lactase to digest lactose. This means that its monomers galactose and glucose cannot be used in respiration, thus no CO2 will be produced as a by-product.APPARATUSThe following apparatus will be used when conducting the experimentClamp and standGas syringe high-fidelity to 0.5cm/molWater bath heated to 400CDry YeastThermometerBoiling tubesSafety gogglesUniversal indicatorDistilled waterBuffer effect (slightly acidic)SubstratesElectronic unhurriedness balance (2 d.p)Stop watchRubber angle and rubber tube pipette (15cm3)funnelMeasuring cylinders ( 250cm3)Stirring rodConical FlaskBeakers ( 250cm3, 20cm3) rule OF INVESTIGATIONStepsAccuracyReason for method1. Clean all the apparatus used to contain sugars or yeast using distilled water. Set up water bath at a temperature of 40C.N/ACleaning with distilled water ensures that all the equipment to be used in the experiment is sassy and is free from impurities that could possibly interfere with CO2 collection.The water bath will be set to 400C because this is the temperature that I have decided to use in my experiments.2. lease up a 1 litre beaker precisely up to the 1litre mark with distilled water. Then add a buffer tablet into the beaker and stir thoroughly with a stirring rodMake sure the distilled water has been filled up exactly to the 1L mark.This is the look on how to produce a buffer source. A buffer solution is required as it dissolves the yeast and substrate together. Allowing collision of the yeast and the substrate is vital otherwise a reaction would not occur3. ponder 30g of dry yeast using an electronic balance and transfer it into a beaker.The scale will be accurate to 2 d.p. to allow consistency. If a solution contains more yeast, then more collisions whitethorn be involved among the enzymes and substrate, hence a greater rate of respiration, and more C O2 being produced than there should be.30g of yeast will provide a stock solution for all 15 experiments, thus each experiment will use 2g of yeast. Excess yeast cells in the solution, will cause a large volume of CO2 production as more respiration will occur so 2g is a suitable amount. Keeping a constant concentration of yeast will ensure that my test is fair because an increase in yeast concentration will increase the amount of cells respiring therefore the volume of CO2 will increase4. Place 250cm3 of buffer solution into a 300cm3 beaker containing dry yeast. Stir thoroughly underwrite that the volume is read from the infiltrate of the meniscus level. The volume must be read at eye levelI have decided to use a bulk buffer solution because it keeps the concentration of yeast constant. Errors are more likely to occur if I had to weigh 2g of yeast and 15cm3 of buffer solution before each experiment. I have also taken into account of any spillages that may occur so I have ensured th at I have prepared more than the required amount.5. Accurately weigh the amount of substrate needed using the electronic balance and place into a 20cm3 beaker. Then, using a pipette, collect 15cm3 of buffer solution into a measuring cylinder and add it to the substrate beaker. The solution should be stirred and the beaker should then be placed in the water bath.Before using the balance confirm that it has been adjusted to 0. The measuring cylinder will be accurate to 0.1cm3. Again, ensure that the reading is taken from the bottom of the meniscus and at eye level.I must weigh the correct amount of substrate so that the concentration remains constant throughout the experiment (1M)6. I will Prepare the conical flasks and attach the rubber tubing (connected to the rubber bung) to the gas syringe. I will carefully eyeshade 15cm3 of yeast solution with the aid of a pipette and transfer it into a conical flask. This will then be stirred thoroughly and placed back into the water bath.Pipet te is accurate to 0.5cm3.The yeast has to be measured very accurately otherwise this would affect my results. For example if too much yeast is added, then there would be increase in amount of enzymes available and so there would be increase in successful collisions resulting in a faster rate of reaction with more CO2 being produced per unit time. The solution has to be agitated to ensure that the yeast molecules are evenly spread and do not drop to the bottom of the boiling tube so that the chances of collisions increases.The water bath will maintain the temperature of the yeast solution. This will prevent the enzymes from being affected by a change in temperature.7. Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of both the water bath and yeast solution to ensure they are both 400C. As soon as the substrate is poured into the conical flask containing the yeast, immediately attach the bung onto the flask. This should be followed by timing using the degree watch.The stop watch is a ccurate to 0.01seconds. I have considered the difficulty faced when applying the rubber bung and starting the stop watch. I must make sure that I start the stop watch as soon as the bung is placed in postion and I intend to keep this the same for my other experiments.A rubber bung and the rubber tube will be attached instantly as respiration can occur immediately. The CO2 produced will be collected in the gas syringe. It is important that does not escape. if this did happen then a smaller volume of CO2 would be collected by the syringe, thus the results obtained would not be precise.The stop clock will need to be started immediately to ensure all the experiments go on for exactly the same amount of time, if one experiment was to go on for longer more CO2 would be produced and thus I would get anomalies in my results. To avoid this, the clock needs to be started as soon as the experiment begins.8. Take readings after 5 minutes of the co2 collected into the gas syringe with the aid of a stop watch. This stair should be repeated until the 45th minute for each experiment. The temperature of the solution must also be taken, which should remain constant at 400C.The readings must be taken straight after each interval. For example, I would take the reading just before the 5th minute interval. The Stop watch is accurate to 0.01seconds.The purpose of this step is to observe how much CO2 each substrate produces as time passes.9. Using a universal indicator I will measure the PH after testing each substrate. The PH should constant throughout but if not, then it should still be recorded. The beakers, conical flask and measuring cylinders should be rinsed with distilled water after each experimentNAIt is important to hold PH as it could affect the amount of CO2. I will talk about this in greater detail in controlled variables. Rinsing removes any residue that may have been left over in the equipmentCONTROLLED VARIABLESControlled VariableHow I will control itWhy I will con trol itTemperatureThis variable will be controlled using a water bath which will be set to 40C throughout the experiment.The temperature must be controlled because the temperature will affect the rate of respiration of the yeast. If the temperature is changed, for example, too high then this may denature the enzymes used by yeast to digest substrates.pHThe purpose of a buffer solution is to resist any changes in pH, therefore I will control the pH by add the yeast and substrate to a buffer solution.When CO2 is released, it would dissociate, forming hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate. These will cause the pH to decrease and become more acidic. A decrease in pH would affect enzyme activity as this disrupts the charges (H+ and OH-) on the enzymes. This will result in changes in the ionic and hydrogen bonds holding the enzyme together. The enzyme would denature, thus the substrate will no longer fit and so an enzyme-substrate complex will not form.Concentration of yeast usedI will pre pare stock solution of yeast (30g) containing 250cm3 of buffer solution. This variable can be controlled by simply keeping the amount of yeast (15cm3) used constant throughout the experiments.A stock solution will automatically eliminate any changes to the concentration of yeast since I will be taking the same amount of yeast from the same solution so it will always remain the same. Maintaining the concentration ensures that the same surface area is exposed by the yeast over which enzymes are released for extra cellular digestion to take place.Concentration of the substrate15cm3 of a 1M substrate solution will be used constantly.If more substrate is added then more C02 would be produced. This is because there is more substrate available for the yeast to digest for respiration, hence producing larger volumes of C02 than it should. If this variable is not controlled then it I would not be able to determine if an increase in CO2 is due to the type of substrate increase in concentration .TimingI will time the experiment using a stop watch in all of my experiments. I will constantly time the experiment for a union of 45 minutes, ensuring that the reading is taken immediately after each 5 minute interval.I have to control this factor because if the yeast is left in the substrate for a longer time period for one experiment then this will allow more respiration to occur. The yeast will digest the substrate to produce more CO2 so therefore all solutions must be left to respire for exactly the same amount of time in order to obtain reliable results.Culture of yeastUse the same brand of yeast in all experiments.Different types of yeast may cause different results as the number of carrier proteins may vary for a particular substrate. Using the same yeast will ensure that the coat of the yeast in each experiment remains the same.CALCULATING SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONIn order to keep the substrate concentration the same I will have to calculate the mass of each of my substrat es. Firstly, I will use the following equationMoles = Molarity x Volume1000The substrate concentration I will be using will be 0.5M and the volume will be 25cm3. In order to determine the mass from the number of moles I shall then useMass = Moles x MrCALCULATIONS FOR GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE1000 0.5 X 25 = 0.0125molFructose and Glucose has the same Mr of 1800.0125 X 180 = 2.25gI need add 2.25 of each substrate into 25cm3 of buffer solution. I will produce a stock solution which will help maintain the concentration of the substrates throughout. I will be carrying out 2 experiments for Glucose or Fructose so I will need 4.5g of each (2 X 2.25 = 4.5g).CALCULATION FOR MALTOSE, saccharose AND LACTOSE10000.5 X 25 = 0.0125molMaltose, Sucrose and Lactose have the same Mr of 342Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose are isomers consisting of two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond. I have taken into account that when a condensation recaction occurs to form this disaccharide then a water m olecule is removed so I must substract the Mr of a water molecule from the Mr of the disaccharide. 360-18= 3420.0125 X 342 = 4.28gSo I will add 4.28g of Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose with 25cm3 of buffer solution. I will also produce a stock solution which will allow me to carry out the required amount of experiments. Therefore, I need to measure 8.56g (2 X 4.28g = 8.56g) of each substrate which will then be dissolved into buffer solution.CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTSI have decided to carry out 6 controlled experiments for each of the 5 substrate in conjunction with the normal experiments. I will conduct these experiments in order to demonstrate and prove that the process of respiration cannot occur without the presence of the respiratory substrate as well as the yeast. The first experiment will involving a boiling tube containing only the 25cm3 of yeast solution. After placing the boiling tube in the water bath (400C), I will then record how much CO2 is produced. This would be conducted in the same way as my method where I would take readings after every 5 minutes until the 45th minute has been reached. The other 5 control experiments will only consist of the substrates. I will measure 15cm3 of each substrate into separate boiling tubes. These will also be placed in a water bath and the volume of CO2 produced will be recorded at every 5 minute intervals for 45 minutes. No CO2 being produced will confirm that the yeast cannot produce CO2 with the presence of a substrate and a substrate cannot respire on its own.DATA ANALYSISBelow is an exemplar table which will be used to analyse the resultsproduced in the experimentThis table will help me to calculate the average of the CO2 produced in each of the experiments after every 5 minutes. I will produce line graphs using the averages of CO2, which will enable me to compare the averages of the different substrates. From this, I can determine if digestion for polysaccharides and disaccharides effects how much CO2 is produced. This is how I will present the average of CO2 production for each substrateGraph showing the volume of CO2 produced against the time taken mediocre CO2 Production (cm3)Time (mins)A t- test is a statistical test that takes a look the amount of data, if there is a difference between the means of two sets of data and also the spread of the data. A t-test is relevant as I will be using a large sample of results which will consist of results from other members in m class and including mine. The formula for the t-test isI have decided to construct a histogram for each substrate as this will allow me to compare my data easily after plotting frequency against experiments. A histogram will show if there any significant overlap between two substrates. Consequently, this can help me to make a decision of whether or not a t-test must be carried out. The below histogram would require a t-testGlucoseMaltoseMODIFICATIONSI will use an inverted burette for measuring the volume of CO2 produced inste ad of a gas syringe. When carrying out my preliminary experiments I appoint that the gas syringe didnt move smoothly, therefore i was unable to accurately read how much CO2 was being produced. Therefore I will use an inverted burette which has an inaccuracy of 0.1cm3Unfortunately, no buffer solution is available to control the pH of solution. In order to confirm that the pH hasnt changed, I will measure the pH at the start and end of each experiment. This will achieved using a universal indicator.I have changed the point at which I will take the reading. Initially I chose to take a reading jus before swirling the flask but I have now realised that this is incorrect. It would be impairment to do it this way because I want all the CO2 to escape from the flask before each reading is taken. So I will now take reading after swirling the conical flask.

Drug and Alcohol among College and High School Students Essay -- Drugs

Drug and Alcohol among College and High School Students In an era in which drugs and intoxicantic beverage has become increasingly easy to obtain, its ab determination has proportionally plagued American youth time and time again. In the past few years abuse amongst youngsters has reached an all time high. The effects of these substances, on students damage their mind and proboscis and in addition, has effected their academic performance, not only on the collegiate level but also amongst high take aim students. Since alcohol is the number hotshot drug problem among young people and Marijuana, which is the most frequently used illicit drug in the United States. These substances are becoming more and more frequent throughout high school students and college students, the bodily harm the abuse causes takes action at a much earlier age. The problem of drug and alcohol abuse starts at a young age, were teenagers start to experiment with different substances. Peer pressure pla ys an enormous role in teenagers stopping point to take a substance. Adolescences have almost always started drinking because of peer pressure, in an attempt to be accepted and included in the group. The pressures approach young kids in high school and college face to be cool is unreasonably high. Many people continue with the use of alcohol or drugs because it relaxes them in social situations and makes it easier to communicate with the people around them. In todays society children are trying substances at earlier ages then before. Drug and alcohol among teenagers starts at the adolescence age It is common among these teenagers to start trying these different substances. The trying of these substances is where the problem starts when students take it to the next step toward o... ...the fifteen students we approached, all fifteen of them admitted that they use alcohol or drugs to escape from something. Whether from schoolwork, their friends, boyfriends or girlfriends or plain an d simply from reality, they all abuse the substances to feel good for a few hours just to go back to reality and face their troubles the next day. The continued process of this makes it almost a routine for these students to continuously go out and get drunk or high to have fun and not worry about anything else for the night. Drugs and alcohol are going to continue to be used by high school and college students forever but there are many actions to take that can help decrease the numbers. Communities need to begin getting more involved, parents need to be more involved in their childrens lives and laws need to be more strictly enforced before these bad habits break.

Consciousness and Intentionality of Action Essay -- Philosophy Philoso

Consciousness and Intentionality of ActionABSTRACT One much plowed issue in contemporary philosophical system is the relation between wittingness and intentionality. Philosophers debate whether consciousness and intentionality are someway connected whether we have reason to be more optimistic about an objective, scientific or third person account of intentionality than about an analogous account of consciousness. This paper is intended as a limited contribution to that debate. I shall be concerned only with the intentionality of action. Not everything which is true of intentionality of action is true of intentionality of other phenomena, such as beliefs. I shall discuss the question, What is the intentionality of action? More specifically, I shall discuss one partial answer to this question that a necessary condition of an agent performing a certain intentional action is that the agent is conscious of performing that action. This answer is fairly unpopular in contemporary philosop hy. In this paper, I shall try to say something about the ground for the rather wide-spread philosophical opposition to the answer, and I shall also outline the kind of considerations that I think are required to judge whether a wedge can or cannot be goaded between consciousness and intentionality of action. One much discussed issue in contemporary philosophy is the relation between consciousness and intentionality. Philosophers debate whether consciousness and intentionality are somehow connected (see Searle, chap. 7) whether the one or the other is the theoretically fundamental one (see Dennett) and whether we have reason to be more optimistic about an objective or scientific, or third-person account of intentionality ... ...6) The Conscious Mind In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford UP.Dennett, Daniel C. (1994) Dennett, Daniel C in A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Samuel Guttenplan, ed., Oxford, Blackwell.Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1991) Being-in-the-World A translation on Heideggers Being and Time, Division I, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.Kripke, Saul A. (1982) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard UP.Lycan, William G. (1996) Consciousness and Experience, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.McGinn, Colin (1996) The Character of Mind An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, 2nd ed., Oxford UP.McGinn, Colin (1991) The Problem of Consciousness, Oxford, Blackwell.Searle, John R. (1992) The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958) philosophical Investigations, 2nd ed, Oxford, Blackwell.